Thursday, September 8, 2011

HotSpot JVM garbage collection options cheat sheet (v2)

In this article I have collected a list of options related to GC tuning in JVM. This is not a comprehensive list, I have only collected options which I use in practice (or at least understand why I may want to use them).
Compared to previous version a few useful diagnostic options was added. Additionally section for G1 specific options was introduced.

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HotSpot GC collectors

HotSpot JVM may use one of 6 combinations of garbage collection algorithms listed below.
Young collector
Old collector
JVM option
Serial (DefNew)
Serial Mark-Sweep-Compact
-XX:+UseSerialGC
Parallel scavenge (PSYoungGen)
Serial Mark-Sweep-Compact (PSOldGen)
-XX:+UseParallelGC
Parallel scavenge (PSYoungGen)
Parallel Mark-Sweep-Compact (ParOldGen)
-XX:+UseParallelOldGC
Serial (DefNew)
Concurrent Mark Sweep
-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC
-XX:-UseParNewGC
Parallel (ParNew)
Concurrent Mark Sweep
-XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC
-XX:+UseParNewGC
G1
-XX:+UseG1GC

GC logging options

Please note that many of logging options could be modified on running JVM using JMX (e.g. via JConsole).
JVM option
Description
General options
-verbose:gc or -XX:+PrintGC
Print basic GC info
-XX:+PrintGCDetails
Print more elaborated GC info
-XX:+PrintGCTimeStamps
Print timestamps for each GC event (seconds count from start of JVM)
-XX:+PrintGCDateStamps
Print date stamps at garbage collection events (e.g. 2011-09-08T14:20:29.557+0400: [GC... )
-XX:+PrintGC\
TaskTimeStamps
Print timestamps for individual GC worker thread tasks (very verbose)
-Xloggc:
Redirects GC output to a file instead of console
-XX:+Print\
TenuringDistribution
Print detailed demography of young space after each collection
-XX:+PrintTLAB
Print TLAB allocation statistics
-XX:+PrintReferenceGC
Print times for weak/soft/JNI/etc reference processing during STW pause
-XX:+PrintJNIGCStalls
Reports if GC is waiting for native code to unpin object in memory
-XX:+PrintGC\
ApplicationStoppedTime
Print pause summary after each stop-the-world pause
-XX:+PrintGC\
ApplicationConcurrentTime
Print time for each concurrent phase of GC
-XX:+Print\
ClassHistogramAfterFullGC
Prints class histogram after full GC
-XX:+Print\
ClassHistogramBeforeFullGC
Prints class histogram before full GC
-XX:+HeapDump\
AfterFullGC
Creates heap dump file after full GC
-XX:+HeapDump\
BeforeFullGC
Creates heap dump file before full GC
-XX:+HeapDump\
OnOutOfMemoryError
Creates heap dump in out-of-memory condition
-XX:HeapDumpPath=<path>
Specifies path to save heap dumps
CMS specific options
-XX:PrintCMSStatistics=2
Print additional CMS statistics if n >= 1
-XX:+Print\
CMSInitiationStatistics
Print CMS initiation details
-XX:PrintFLSStatistics=2
Print additional info concerning free lists
-XX:PrintFLSCensus=2
Print additional info concerning free lists
-XX:+PrintPromotionFailure
Print additional diagnostic information following promotion failure
-XX:+CMSDumpAt\
PromotionFailure
Dump useful information about the state of the CMS old generation upon a promotion failure.
-XX:+CMSPrint\
ChunksInDump
In a CMS dump enabled by option above, include more detailed information about the free chunks.
-XX:+CMSPrint\
ObjectsInDump
In a CMS dump enabled by option above, include more detailed information about the allocated objects.

JVM sizing options

JVM option
Description
-Xms2048m -Xmx2g or
‑XX:InitialHeapSize=2g
‑XX:MaxHeapSize=2g
Initial and max size of heap space (young space + tenured space). Permanent space does not count to this size.
-XX:NewSize=64m
-XX:MaxNewSize=64m
Initial and max size of young space.
-XX:NewRatio=3
Alternative way to specify young space size. Sets ration of young vs tenured space (e.g. -XX:NewRatio=2 means that young space will be 2 time smaller than tenuted space).
-XX:SurvivorRatio=15
Sets size of single survivor space as a portion of Eden space size (e.g. -XX:NewSize=64m -XX:SurvivorRatio=6 means that each survivor space will be 8m and eden will be 48m).
-XX:PermSize=256m
-XX:MaxPermSize=256m
Initial and max size of permanent space.
-Xss256k (size in bytes) or  
-XX:ThreadStackSize=256 (size in Kbytes)
Sets size of stack area dedicated to each thread. Thread stacks do not count to heap size.
-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=2g
Maximum size of off-heap memory available for JVM

Young collection tuning

JVM option
Description
-XX:Initial\
TenuringThreshold=8
Initial value for tenuring threshold (number of collections before object will be promoted to tenured space).
-XX:Max\
TenuringThreshold=15
Max value for tenuring threshold.
-XX:Pretenure\
SizeThreshold=2m
Max object size allowed to be allocated in young space (large objects will be allocated directly in old space). Thread local allocation bypasses this check so if TLAB is large enough object exciding size threshold still may be allocated in young.
-XX:+AlwaysTenure
Promote all objects surviving young collection immediately to tenured space (equivalent of -XX:MaxTenuringThreshold=0)
-XX:+NeverTenure
Objects from young space will never get promoted to tenured space while survivor space is large enough to keep them.
Thread local allocation blocks
-XX:+UseTLAB
Use thread local allocation blocks in young space. Enabled by default.
-XX:+ResizeTLAB
Allow JVM to adaptively resize TLAB for threads.
-XX:TLABSize=1m
Initial size of TLAB for thread
-XX:MinTLABSize=64k
Minimal allowed size of TLAB

CMS tuning options

JVM option
Description
Controlling initial mark phase
-XX:+UseCMSInitiating\
OccupancyOnly
Only use occupancy as a criterion for starting a CMS collection.
-XX:CMSInitiating\
OccupancyFraction=70
Percentage CMS generation occupancy to start a CMS collection cycle. A negative value means that CMSTriggerRatio is used.
-XX:CMSBootstrap\
Occupancy=10
Percentage CMS generation occupancy at which to initiate CMS collection for bootstrapping collection stats.
-XX:CMSTriggerRatio=70
Percentage of MinHeapFreeRatio in CMS generation that is allocated before a CMS collection cycle commences.
-XX:CMSTriggerPermRatio=90
Percentage of MinHeapFreeRatio in the CMS perm generation that is allocated before a CMS collection cycle commences, that also collects the perm generation.
-XX:CMSWaitDuration=2000
Once CMS collection is triggered, it will wait for next young collection to perform initial mark right after. This parameter specifies how long CMS can wait for young collection.
Controlling remark phase
-XX:+CMSParallel\
RemarkEnabled
Whether parallel remark enabled (only if ParNewGC), enabled by default
-XX:+CMSParallel\
SurvivorRemarkEnabled
Whether parallel remark of survivor space enabled (effective only with option above), enabled by default
-XX:+CMSScavengeBeforeRemark
Force young collection before remark phase.
-XX:+CMSScheduleRemark\
EdenSizeThreshold
If Eden used is below this value, don't try to schedule remark
-XX:CMSScheduleRemark\
EdenPenetration=20
The Eden occupancy % at which to try and schedule remark pause
-XX:CMSScheduleRemark\
SamplingRatio=4
Start sampling Eden top at least before young generation occupancy reaches 1/ of the size at which we plan to schedule remark
-XX:CMSRemarkVerifyVariant=1
Choose variant (1,2) of verification following remark
Parallel execution
-XX:+UseParNewGC
Use parallel algorithm for young space collection.
-XX:+CMSConcurrentMTEnabled
Use multiple threads for concurrent phases.
-XX:ConcGCThreads=2
Number of parallel threads used for concurrent phase.
-XX:ParallelGCThreads=2
Number of parallel threads used for stop-the-world phases.
CMS incremental mode
-XX:+CMSIncrementalMode
Enable incremental CMS mode. Incremental mode is meant for severs with small number of CPU. Do not use it on modern hardware.
Miscellaneous options
-XX:+CMSClassUnloadingEnabled
If not enabled, CMS will not clean permanent space. You should always enable it in multiple class loader environments such as JEE or OSGi.
-XX:+ExplicitGCInvokes\
Concurrent
Let System.gc() trigger concurrent collection instead of full GC.
‑XX:+ExplicitGCInvokes\
ConcurrentAndUnloadsClasses
Same as above but also triggers permanent space collection.

Miscellaneous GC options

JVM option
Description
-XX:+DisableExplicitGC
JVM will ignore application calls to System.gc()
-XX:SoftRefLRU\
PolicyMSPerMB=1000
Soft references time to live in milliseconds per MB of free space in the heap
OutOfMemoryError conditions
-XX:+UseGCOverheadLimit
Use policy to limit of proportion of time spent in GC before an OutOfMemory error is thrown
-XX:GCTimeLimit=98
Limit of proportion of time spent in GC before an OutOfMemory error is thrown (used with GCHeapFreeLimit)
-XX:GCHeapFreeLimit=2
Minimum percentage of free space after a full GC before an OutOfMemoryError is thrown (used with GCTimeLimit)

G1 (garbage first) GC options

G1 is still evolving, so table below have known supported JVM version column
JVM option
JVM
Description
-XX:G1HeapRegionSize=8m
6u26
Size of heap region for G1 collector. Region size could be from 1MiB to 32MiB. Default is initial heap size / 2048.
-XX:G1ConfidencePercent=50
6u26
Confidence coefficient for G1 pause prediction heuristics
-XX:G1ReservePercent=10
6u26
It determines the minimum reserve we should have in the heap to minimize the probability of promotion failure
-XX:MaxGCPauseMillis=200
6u26
GC time per MMU time slice in milliseconds (for G1 only)
-XX:GCPauseIntervalMillis=300
6u26
Time slice for MMU specification in milliseconds (for G1 only). Should be greater than parameter above.

18 comments:

  1. Very good list, Main problem with JVM options is that they are lot and you can't remember all of those so having some of them is good idea. I have also shared Some important memory and gc JVM options you may find worth reading.

    ReplyDelete
  2. Thanks for the list! We started to test with G1 and couldn't find a way (as we have CMS) to control when it starts.
    Meaning, we don't want it to wait until it uses 80% of the memory (as we seen happen) since we only really use 50% of the memory.
    Do you know if there's a parameter similar to the "-XX:CMSInitiatingOccupancyFraction=60 -XX:+UseCMSInitiatingOccupancyOnly"

    Thanks

    ReplyDelete
  3. Hi Guy,
    I'm not aware of any such optionsfor G1.
    You probably should try to ask on hotspot-gc-use@openjdk.java.net mailing list.

    Regards,
    Alexey

    ReplyDelete
  4. Very helpful list. Would be nice if most current default values could be included where they are known.
    Thanks,
    Andrew

    ReplyDelete
  5. Hello Alexey,

    I wonder if there isn't à little mistake in the array of the Hotspot collectors options. For Serial (DefNew) and Concurrent Mark Sweep, you have indicated the following options to activate this mode :
    -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC and -XX:-UseParNewGC
    Is UseParNewGC correct ? IMHO, this is rather the option for the ParNew mode, no ?
    Thks,
    Michel

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Notice difference between -XX:- and -XX:+ options. -XX:-UseParNewGC forces ParNew to be disabled, so DefNew will be used.

      Delete
    2. My apologies ! Indeed, I didn't notice the little, but very important difference (+ is not - of course !). Your options are OK.
      Best regards,
      Michel

      Delete
  6. Hi, there is a small mistake in the list regarding -XX:ThreadStackSize=256k should be changed to XX:ThreadStackSize=256 (without the 'k')

    Otherwise the JVM fails to start. Not sure whether -Xss is ok with the 'k'

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Indeed -Xss interpreted as value in byte, but -XX:ThreadStackSize=256k as value in Kbytes (256k is translated to 256m).
      Thanks for pointing this out

      Delete
  7. Hi, I am trying to use the option -XX:ConcGCThreads=2 for CMS but my JVM did not recognize. I am using the below version.

    java version "1.5.0_11"
    Java(TM) 2 Runtime Environment, Standard Edition (build 1.5.0_11-b03)
    Java HotSpot(TM) Server VM (build 1.5.0_11-b03, mixed mode)

    pls advise if we have alternate option which can perform the same action.

    regards

    Azum

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. 1.5 is pretty old now, I doubt it supports this feature

      Delete
  8. Since 7U2 HS supports rotating GC logfiles:

    java -Xloggc:app.vgc -XX:+PrintGCDetails
    -XX:GCLogFileSize=10M -XX:NumberOfGCLogFiles=10
    -XX:+UseGCLogFileRotation
    -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps -XX:-PrintGCTimeStamps

    See also my german blog: http://itblog.eckenfels.net/archives/493-Oracle-Java-SE-hotspot-GC-Logfile-rotation.html

    ReplyDelete
  9. Hello Alexey,

    I'd like to thank you for the good articles (not only this one).

    Could you please also advice something about the following post:

    http://stackoverflow.com/questions/17654964/gc-pause-tuning-of-long-fifo-queue-application

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Hi Maxim,

      GC tuning strategy really depends on numbers (capacity, number of evictions per second, memory you a willing to waste).

      Question you have posted in stackoverflow is too generic to be answered properly.

      Generic guidelines for tuning CMS could be found on this blog http://blog.ragozin.info/2011/07/gc-check-list-for-data-grid-nodes.html

      Delete
  10. Hi Alexey,

    I am getting "permgen out of memory". In Jave 5 this was fixed with the options "XX:+CMSClassUnloadingEnabled XX:+CMSPermGenSweepingEnabled".

    Do you know if XX:+UseG1GC will perform the same function in java 6 (release 43)?

    ReplyDelete
  11. Hi,
    I am using -XX:NewSize=200m in my attempt to implement CMS collector. But the option is not recognized.
    I use the following params.
    -XX:NewSize=200m
    -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC
    -XX:+UseParNewGC

    But I get error as:
    2015-04-20 22:24:28 Commons Daemon procrun stderr initialized
    Unrecognized VM option 'NewSize=200m '

    I am using Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM 1.7.0_03 Oracle Corporation

    ReplyDelete
  12. It seems this article is getting obsolete as there were more options added to JDK8

    https://blogs.oracle.com/poonam/entry/about_g1_garbage_collector_permanent

    ReplyDelete